Longer UVb exposure of yellow mealworms increased vitamin D 2 and increased vitamin D 3 until a plateau was reached at 6400 IU/kg. Both BSFL and migratory locusts had increased vitamin D 2 levels. Higher UVb irradiance increased vitamin D 3 levels in all species but BSFL. Low irradiance UVb tended to increase vitamin D 3 levels in house crickets, vitamin D 2 levels in BSFL and vitamin D 2 and D 3 in yellow mealworms. In a second experiment we exposed these species to a higher UV irradiance, and in a third we tested the effect of exposure duration on vitamin D concentrations in yellow mealworms. In an initial experiment, we exposed four insect species which differ in ecology and morphology (migratory locusts, house crickets, yellow mealworms and black soldier fly larvae (BSFL)) to a low irradiance UVb source. To date, endogenous synthesis of vitamin D in insects has never been investigated. Vertebrates obtain the prohormone vitamin D primarily by endogenous cutaneous synthesis under ultraviolet b (UVb) exposure.
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